COURAGE, SKILL, AND GOODWILL
The Story of the First Generation of African American City and County Managers
A Legacy of Diversity in Leadership of Local Government
A Path to "A More Perfect Union"
As the United States approaches its 250th anniversary in 2026, we reflect on our ongoing journey towards equality and justice for all Americans. The story of the first African American city and county managers (AACMs) is a crucial yet overlooked chapter in this journey.
From 1968 to 1983, pioneering AACMs were appointed to leadership positions across the country, writing an important chapter in the effort to create more diversity and inclusion in local government.
Our Mission
The International City/County Management Association (ICMA) and the National Forum for Black Public Administrators (NFBPA), aim to:
- Raise awareness of AACM contributions
- Inspire future generations
- Highlight this vital chapter in local government history and American democracy
Showcasing Trailblazers
Our comprehensive project includes:
Historical Research and Asset Digitization
- Researching 40+ communities where AACMs worked
- Digitizing materials from archives and libraries
Interviews and Video Recordings
- Recording first-person accounts from surviving AACMs
- Gathering perspectives from family, colleagues, and officials
Contextual Asset Collection
- Compiling archival documents, audio, and video
Production of Digital and Video Histories
- Creating an evergreen storytelling website
- Developing digital displays for institutions
- Producing community-specific short videos
- Creating a PBS-quality documentary series
Progress to Date
Launched a comprehensive website (icma.org/legacyofleadership) showcasing project findings and resources
Video case study of James C. Johnson, the first African American city manager (Compton, CA, 1968)
Historical articles in Public Management magazine
Compiled an initial database of early African American city and county managers
Spotlight
James C. Johnson - A Pioneering Leader
In 1968, 54 years after ICMA's founding, Mr. James C. Johnson became the first African American city manager in the United States when he was appointed by the city council of Compton, California. This groundbreaking appointment marked a significant milestone in the pursuit of equal representation in local government leadership.
We've created a compelling video case study featuring Mr. Johnson's story, illuminating this crucial chapter in America's democratic progress. This video is just the beginning of our efforts to document and celebrate the first generation of African American city and county managers.
How You Can Help
The Legacy of Diversity in City and County Management initiative is more than just a historical project—it's a catalyst for change.
By supporting this initiative, you can:
Raise Awareness
Help spotlight the invaluable contributions of under-represented groups in local government management.
Build Thriving Communities
Support the development of inclusive leadership that reflects the diversity of our cities and counties.
Inspire Future Leaders
Encourage new generations to pursue careers in public service by showcasing diverse role models.
Preserve Crucial History
Contribute to documenting and sharing stories that might otherwise be lost to time.
Together, we can build the thriving, diverse communities we're proud to call home.
By joining forces, we can honor the trailblazers of the past while paving the way for a more inclusive and representative future in local government leadership.
Contact us to discuss how you can contribute to this vital initiative:
Tad McGalliard, ICMA Managing Director
Research, Development & Technical Assistance
tmcgalliard@icma.org or 443-223-7851
The National Forum for Black Public Administrators (NFBPA) is the principal and most progressive organization dedicated to the advancement of black public leadership in local and state governments. NFBPA is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in 1983. With over 2,500 members, NFBPA has established a national reputation for designing and implementing quality leadership development initiatives of unparalleled success. Our members are leaders and managers of public programs and agencies in more than 350 jurisdictions nationwide. Thirty-six chapters support the growth of NFBPA at the local level.
ICMA, the International City/County Management Association, is the world’s premier organization advancing professional local government leadership and management. Founded in 1914 by visionary reformers who sought to end municipal corruption and bring professionalism and transparency to local governance, ICMA members strive to effectively, efficiently, and ethically build better, more livable communities— communities we’re proud to call home.
